The MAX504/MAX515 are low-power, voltage-output, 10-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) specified for single +5V power-supply operation. the MAX504 can also be operated with ±5V supplies. The MAX515 draws only 140µA, and the MAX504 (with internal reference) draws only 260µA. The MAX515 comes in 8-pin DIP and SO packages, while the MAX504 comes in 14-pin DIP and SO packages. Both parts have been trimmed for offset voltage, gain, and linearity, so no further adjustment is necessary.
The MAX515’s buffer is fixed at a gain of 2. The MAX504’s internal op amp may be configured for a gain of 1 or 2, as well as for unipolar or bipolar output voltages. The MAX504 can also be used as a four-quadrant multiplier without external resistors or op amps. For parallel data inputs, see the MAX503 data sheet. For a hardware and software compatible 12-bit upgrade, refer to the MAX531/MAX538/MAX539 data sheet.
Applications:
» Audio Systems
» Battery-Operated/Remote Industrial Controls
» Battery-Powered Test Instruments
» Digital Gain and Offset Control
» Machine- and Motion-Control Devices
Download free datasheet: MAX515 5V, Low-Power, Voltage-Output, Serial, 10-Bit DACs
source : http://www.freedatasheetdownload.com
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MAX515 5V, Low-Power, Voltage-Output, Serial, 10-Bit DACs
MAX515 5V, Low-Power, Voltage-Output, Serial, 10-Bit DACs
The MAX504/MAX515 are low-power, voltage-output, 10-bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) specified for single +5V power-supply operation. the MAX504 can also be operated with ±5V supplies. The MAX515 draws only 140µA, and the MAX504 (with internal reference) draws only 260µA. The MAX515 comes in 8-pin DIP and SO packages, while the MAX504 comes in 14-pin DIP and SO packages. Both parts have been trimmed for offset voltage, gain, and linearity, so no further adjustment is necessary.
The MAX515’s buffer is fixed at a gain of 2. The MAX504’s internal op amp may be configured for a gain of 1 or 2, as well as for unipolar or bipolar output voltages. The MAX504 can also be used as a four-quadrant multiplier without external resistors or op amps. For parallel data inputs, see the MAX503 data sheet. For a hardware and software compatible 12-bit upgrade, refer to the MAX531/MAX538/MAX539 data sheet.
Applications:
» Audio Systems
» Battery-Operated/Remote Industrial Controls
» Battery-Powered Test Instruments
» Digital Gain and Offset Control
» Machine- and Motion-Control Devices
Download free datasheet: MAX515 5V, Low-Power, Voltage-Output, Serial, 10-Bit DACs
source : http://www.freedatasheetdownload.com
READ MORE...
Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics.
Introduction
Modern transistors are divided into two main categories: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). Application of current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them. The transistor characteristics depend on their type. See Transistor models.
The term "transistor" originally referred to the point contact type, but these only saw very limited commercial application, being replaced by the much more practical bipolar junction types in the early 1950s. Today's most widely used schematic symbol, like the term "transistor", originally referred to these long-obsolete devices.[1] For a short time in the early 1960s, some manufacturers and publishers of electronics magazines started to replace these with symbols that more accurately depicted the different construction of the bipolar transistor, but this idea was soon abandoned.
Types
- Bipolar junction transistor
- Field-effect transistor
- Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
- Tetrode transistor
- Pentode transistor
- Spacistor
- Surface barrier transistor
- Micro alloy transistor
- Micro alloy diffused transistor
- Drift-field transistor
- Unijunction transistors
- Darlington transistors
- Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
Usage
- Switches
- Amplifiers
- Computers READ MORE...
Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics.
Introduction
Modern transistors are divided into two main categories: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). Application of current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them. The transistor characteristics depend on their type. See Transistor models.
The term "transistor" originally referred to the point contact type, but these only saw very limited commercial application, being replaced by the much more practical bipolar junction types in the early 1950s. Today's most widely used schematic symbol, like the term "transistor", originally referred to these long-obsolete devices.[1] For a short time in the early 1960s, some manufacturers and publishers of electronics magazines started to replace these with symbols that more accurately depicted the different construction of the bipolar transistor, but this idea was soon abandoned.
Types
- Bipolar junction transistor
- Field-effect transistor
- Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
- Tetrode transistor
- Pentode transistor
- Spacistor
- Surface barrier transistor
- Micro alloy transistor
- Micro alloy diffused transistor
- Drift-field transistor
- Unijunction transistors
- Darlington transistors
- Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
Usage
- Switches
- Amplifiers
- Computers READ MORE...
LiteSpeed Load Balancer
LiteSpeed Load Balancer (LSLB) is a high-performance, content-aware, session-aware HTTP application load balancer. It can forward requests based on request content as well as session stickiness preference. LiteSpeed Load Balancer can help scale your application beyond one server deployment, as well as improve the reliability of your service in case of hardware failures.
We offer 15-day risk free trials and a 30-day money back guarantee.
Features
HTTP/1.1, HTTP/1.0 backward compatible
Supports HTTP, LiteSpeed SAPI, FastCGI and AJPv13 back ends
Load balance algorithms: round-robin, least load, least session
Session affinity with fail-over
Directing request based on domain names, request URL, Cookie, SSL Session, etc.
Content aware: route request based on request content
Dynamic response compression/decompression (gzip)
Gzip compression with backend HTTP Server
Automatic HTTP protocol upgrade/downgrade to maintain persistent connection with backend servers
Massive shared hosting: load balance to millions of websites
URL rewrite
SSL acceleration
Geotargeting support
IPv6 support
Anti-(D)DoS attacks capability
Request filtering (HTTP firewall), filter attacking requests based on request content
Chroot for enhanced security
Backend server health monitoring
Web administration console
Online upgrade to keep your server up-to-date
Security
LiteSpeed load balancer is designed to be a secure load balancer. With chroot jail, IP level bandwidth throttling, connection accounting, strict HTTP request checking, and URL context filtering, DoS effects are minimized and backend cluster is properly fenced away from the HTTP request layer reducing vulnerability.
High performance Secure HTTP (HTTPS): supports SSLv2, SSLv3 and TLSv1
IP level throttling (Bandwidth and Request Rate)
Comprehensive IP level connection accounting
Hotlink protection
Strict HTTP request checking
External application firewall for dynamic content
Chroot whole server process
Reliability
Zero downtime maintanance (include reconfiguration, software upgrade)
Watch dog and Instant recovery maximizes up-time
Graceful shutdown, all requests in process will be completed.
Runs completely in the user space, OS reliability is not affected
The following section provides a brief overview of the above security features. Access Control: Server, virtual host and directory (context) level access control which can allow or block traffic from specific IP/sub-networks. IP Level Throttling Limits network bandwidth to and from a single IP address regardless of the number of connections. IP Level Connection Accounting Limits the number of concurrent connections from a single IP address. It is controlled by the Connection Soft Limit, Connection Hard Limit, Grace Period, and Banned Period values. Strict Request Checking Every HTTP request is strictly checked by LiteSpeed load balancer:
Request size is limited by the Max Request URL Length, Max Request Header Length, and Max Request Body Length values. Strict Static File Checking LiteSpeed web server will serve a static file only if the following conditions are satisfied:
"/.ht*" and "/.svn*" are not allowed in a decoded URL, this will deny accessing some important hidden files and directories.
the file permission must contain configured required permission bits.
the file permission must not contain any configured restricted permission bits.
The file is not in the Access Denied Directory list
does not contain symbolic links if symbolic linking is not allowed.
LiteSpeed load balancer does not index a directory by listing its files.
LiteSpeed load balancer can pipeline requests and control the concurrency level of external applications to prevent over consumption of system resources. It only forwards completed requests to external applications and caches the response. Thus external applications will be immediately available to process the next request without waiting for the response to be completely received by the client. In this way, the server can utilize fewer instances of external applications to serve more concurrent requests and will achieve higher performance and scalability. LiteSpeed load balancer uses its own virtual memory to cache the request and response body to minimize the usage of system memory without sacrificing performance.
Chroot Jail
LiteSpeed load balancer can run in a chroot environment also known as a chroot jail with an automatic initial chroot environment setup. In a chrooted environment, the load balancer and its children processes cannot access the file system outside of the chroot jail. This protects the system from attacks caused by malicious code.
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History of the Integrated Circuit aka Microchip
D you know Integrated Circuit . What we didn't realize then was that the integrated circuit would reduce the cost of electronic functions by a factor of a million to one, nothing had ever done that for anything before" - Jack Kilby
The Integrated Circuit
It seems that the integrated circuit was destined to be invented. Two separate inventors, unaware of each other's activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits or ICs at nearly the same time.Patents for the Integrated Circuit
In 1959 both parties applied for patents. Jack Kilby and Texas Instruments received U.S. patent #3,138,743 for miniaturized electronic circuits. Robert Noyce and the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation received U.S. patent #2,981,877 for a silicon based integrated circuit. The two companies wisely decided to cross license their technologies after several years of legal battles, creating a global market now worth about $1 trillion a year.
Commercial Release
In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. All computers then started to be made using chips instead of the individual transistors and their accompanying parts. Texas Instruments first used the chips in Air Force computers and the Minuteman Missile in 1962. They later used the chips to produce the first electronic portable calculators. The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors and one capacitor and was the size of an adult's pinkie finger. Today an IC smaller than a penny can hold 125 million transistors.
Jack Kilby holds patents on over sixty inventions and is also well known as the inventor of the portable calculator (1967). In 1970 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Robert Noyce, with sixteen patents to his name, founded Intel, the company responsible for the invention of the microprocessor, in 1968. But for both men the invention of the integrated circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all modern products use chip technology.
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3D INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
GLOBAL Semiconductor Alliance says it will increase awareness and visibility worldwide for its 3D integrated circuit initiative.
The GSA has retained semiconductor industry veteran, Herb Reiter to lead the 3D IC initiative. It has also formed relationships with IMEC, ITRI, SEMI, SEMATECH and Si2 to help direct and participate in this effort.
The GSA says it has presented papers and gained awareness for 3D IC at multiple global events, such as DATE 2010 in Dresden, DAC, SemiCon West and the GSA Emerging Opportunities Expo and Conference.
According to the Alliance, the 3D IC initiative will be a major feature of its second annual Memory Conference on 31 March 2011 in San Jose. The theme for the 2011 conference will be “Memory and Logic Integration and the Benefits of 3D IC Technology”.
The Alliance claims 3D IC is a way forward in the face of the challenges of rapidly increasing power dissipation of ICs and systems.
The wireless industry is also pushing for 3D IC stacks to meet the power and space constraints in Mobile Internet Devices, and the technology is expected to help meet next generation bandwidth and performance requirements.
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